Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex neurophysiological disorder, which can result in many long-term complications including changes in mobility, bowel and bladder function, cardiovascular function, and metabolism.
Non-pharmacological treatments are safer alternatives that can be specifically tailored to the individual and used in tandem with pharmacological therapies if needed. This review describes existing non-pharmacological therapies that have been used to treat SCI-induced pain in both preclinical models and clinical populations.
Pain after SCI is a significant problem due to its prevalence and the difficulty to manage it. While pharmacological interventions can improve acute neuropathic and musculoskeletal SCI pain, efficacy is limited in treating acute visceral pain. Further, when any form of SCI pain becomes chronic it is even more difficult to treat. The use of non-pharmacological interventions to replace or compliment conventional medication-based treatment may improve patient neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain outcomes. However, there remains a paucity in the literature regarding nonpharmacological interventions specific to SCI-induced visceral pain and gastrointestinal/bladder disorders, limiting effective treatment development.
Front. Pain Res., 24 August 2022
Sec. Non-Pharmacological Treatment of Pain
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2022.991736
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